Hormones, Heredity, and RaceEarly in the twentieth century, arguments about nature and nurture pitted a rigid genetic determinism against the idea that genes were flexible and open to environmental change. This book tells the story of three Viennese biologistsPaul Kammerer, Julius Tandler, and Eugen Steinachwho sought to show how the environment could shape heredity through the impact of hormones. It also explores the dynamic of failure through both scientific and social lenses.