Common Labour: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals 1780-1860This study of canal construction workers between 1780 1860 challenges labor history's focus on skilled craftsmen. Canalers were unskilled workers, often members of despised social groups such as Irish immigrants and African American slaves. They worked twelve or more hours a day in all weather, exposed to diseases and job related risks, going home at night to rude shanty towns. Their harsh lifestyles bred conflict that undercut worker unity but