History of the Jews in Modern TimesLloyd Gartner provides a vivid description of the changing fortunes of the Jewish communities of the Old World Europe, the Middle East, and beyond and their gradual expansion into the New World of the Americas. The book begins in 1650, when the Jewish population had fallen to roughly 1. 25 million, less than one sixth of its peak at the start of the Christian era. Gartner leads us through the traditions, religious laws, communities, and their