Disaster CitizenshipA century ago, governments buoyed by Progressive Erabeliefs began to assume greater responsibility for protecting and rescuing citizens. Yet the aftermath of two disasters in the United StatesCanada borderlands the Salem Fire of 1914 and the Halifax Explosion of 1917 saw working class survivors instead turn to friends, neighbors, coworkers, and family members for succor and aid. Both official and unofficial responses, meanwhile, showed how the United